Dutch Fluency 
U or jij: How to Use Formal and Informal Forms in Dutch
In Dutch, we make an important distinction between 'u' and 'jij'. 'U' is the formal, polite form of address. 'Jij' is used in informal situations, with friends and family.
For newcomers, this can be tricky. When do you say 'u' and when 'jij'? In this guide, you'll learn the rules and get example sentences you can use right away.
When do you use 'u'?
You use 'u' in formal situations. Think of a conversation with an older person, a doctor, a teacher, or someone you don't know well. Also in letters and emails to official bodies, you use 'u'.
In the civic integration exam and the State Exam NT2, it's important to use 'u' correctly, especially in writing and speaking.
Example sentences with 'u' and 'jij'
- U: 'Kunt u mij helpen met dit formulier?'
- Jij: 'Kun jij mij helpen met deze som?'
- U: 'Wilt u koffie of thee?'
- Jij: 'Wil jij koffie of thee?'
When do you use 'jij'?
You use 'jij' in informal situations: with friends, family, colleagues of the same age, and in everyday conversations. Also children and young people often say 'jij' to each other.
Note: in some situations, 'jij' can come across as impolite. If you're unsure, it's better to say 'u'. The other person will often say: 'Zeg maar jij.'
Common mistakes and tips
- Tip: Use 'u' with older people, even if they know you well.
- Mistake: Saying 'jij' to a teacher or supervisor. Always use 'u' unless the other person suggests 'jij'.
- Tip: In a letter or email, start with 'u'. If the other person replies informally, you can switch to 'jij'.
How to practice this in Dutch
Want to practice with 'u' and 'jij'? In the Dutch Fluency NT2 app, you'll find exercises for the civic integration exam and State Exam. You'll learn when to use which form, with practical examples. Practice speaking, writing, and listening. Start today!
Practice with 'u' and 'jij' in the app →Practice now
- Practice writing with formal and informal sentences
- Practice speaking: u or jij in conversations
- More articles about life in the Netherlands
Frequently asked questions
Is it impolite to say 'jij'?
Not always, but in formal situations yes. Use 'u' with people you don't know, older people, or in official conversations. If in doubt, choose 'u'.
When can I say 'jij' to a colleague?
At work, it's customary to say 'u' to supervisors and older colleagues. With younger colleagues or in a friendly work environment, often 'jij'. Watch how others do it.
How do I know whether to use 'u' or 'jij' in an email?
Always start with 'u'. If the other person replies informally, you can use 'jij' afterwards. With official bodies, keep using 'u'.
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